Validator Reward Deep Dive Series

Context & Motivation

This series was originally authored during my tenure at Cosmostation, working with the Validator Team. The primary goal of this research was to provide a technical foundation for developing in-house validator monitoring and reward management tools.

To build robust infrastructure, we needed to go beyond the surface and understand the exact mathematical and programmatic flow of rewards across different blockchain architectures. This series documents that journey, covering Cosmos, Sui, Kaia, and Namada.


Series Index

1. Walrus: The Secret of Staking Rewards

  • Focus: Walrus ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ์—ํฌํฌ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ™˜์œจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋กœ์ง ๋ถ„์„.
  • Key Insight: initiate_epoch_change์™€ process_pending_stake๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ‚น ์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ์ถœ๊ธˆ ์‹œ์ ์˜ ํ™˜์œจ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2. Sui: How are Epoch Rewards Delivered to Stakers?

  • Focus: Sui ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์˜ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ‚น ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ sui_system Move ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ํฌํฌ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ.
  • Key Insight: StakingPool์˜ ํ™˜์œจ(Exchange Rate)์ด ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์ƒํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ‚น ๋ฐ ์ถœ๊ธˆ ์‹œ์ ์˜ ํ™˜์œจ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

3. Cosmos: How do Inflation and Fees become Delegator Rewards?

  • Focus: x/mint, x/auth, FeeCollector, x/distribution, x/staking ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •.
  • Key Insight: ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ FeeCollector์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ธ ํ’€๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ‘๋ˆ„์  ๋ณด์ƒ ๋น„์œจ(Cumulative Reward Ratio)‘๊ณผ ์ง€๋ถ„(Share)์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” F1 ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

4. Kaia: Staking Rewards in Public Delegation Contract

  • Focus: PublicDelegation.sol ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ปจํŠธ๋ž™ํŠธ์™€ ERC-20 ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ง€๋ถ„(Share) ํ† ํฐ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ‚น ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜.
  • Key Insight: stake() ํ˜ธ์ถœ ์‹œ ์ž๋™ ์žฌ์˜ˆ์น˜(Auto-compounding)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ’€์˜ ์ด KAIA๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šน(Value Accrual)ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

5. Namada: PoS Staking and Inflation in Namada

  • Focus: ๋‚˜๋งˆ๋‹ค(Namada)์˜ ์—ํฌํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ PoS ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ‘Reward Product’ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜.
  • Key Insight: ๋งค ์—ํฌํฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์œ„์ž„ ์ง€๋ถ„๋‹น ๋ณด์ƒ ๋น„์œจ์ธ reward_product๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์œ„์ž„๋Ÿ‰ * reward_product์˜ ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Reflection

Building tools for a top-tier validator team requires a “don’t trust, verify” mindset toward protocol specifications. These articles served as the technical blueprint for our engineering team to ensure reward calculation accuracy and operational excellence.

I hope this archive remains a useful resource for anyone diving deep into the economics of Proof-of-Stake networks.

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